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| 634 |
| | Within two years of the death of Muhammad, the Arabs surge north into the Syrian desert | |
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| 637 |
| | The Arabs defeat a Persian army at Kadisiya and then sack the city of Ctesiphon, effectively bringing to an end the Sassanian dynasty | |
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| 638 |
| | The Arab capture of Jerusalem brings Palestine and Syria under Muslim control | |
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| 642 |
| | The unopposed capture of Alexandria by the Arabs completes the Muslim conquest of Egypt | |
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| 644 |
| | After the assassination of Omar, Othman is elected as the third Muslim caliph | |
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| 656 |
| | Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra | |
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